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1. Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts.
2. A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.
3. In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material.
4. Most gemstones are hard, but some soft minerals are used in jewelry because of their luster or other physical properties that have aesthetic value.
5. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and formation, classification of minerals, their geographical distribution, as well as their utilization.
6. A gemstone (also called a gem, jewel, precious stone, or semi-precious stone) is a piece of crystal which, in cut and polished form, is used to make jewelry or other adornments.
7. A few minerals are chemical elements, including sulfur, copper, silver, and gold, but the vast majority are compounds.
8. The scientific study of crystals and crystal formation is known as crystallography.
9. Ordered structures occur from the intrinsic nature of the constituent particles to form symmetric patterns that repeat along the principal directions of three-dimensional space in matter.
10. Mineraloids possess chemical compositions that vary beyond the generally accepted ranges for specific minerals.
11. That allows geologists and hobbyists to examine and explore minerals, rocks, gemstones and crystals features.
12. A big encyclopedia "Minerals guide: Geology toolkit" is a complete free handbook of terminology, which covers the most important terms and concepts.
13. An initial step in identifying a mineral is to examine its physical properties, many of which can be measured on a hand sample.